Questions about marriage in the integral vision of man
Catechesis by Pope John Paul II on the Theology of the Body - 23
JPII - General Audience, Wednesday 2 April 1980 - in French, German, Italian, Portuguese & Spanish
"Our meeting today takes place in the heart of Holy Week, on the immediate eve of that "Paschal Triduum", in which the whole liturgical year culminates and is illuminated. We are about to live again the decisive and solemn days, in which the work of human redemption was fulfilled; in them Christ, dying, destroyed our death and, rising again, restored life to us.
Each one must feel personally involved in the mystery that the Liturgy, this year too, renews for us. I exhort you cordially, therefore, to take part with faith in the sacred services of the next few days and to commit yourselves in the determination to die to sin and to rise again ever more fully to the new life that Christ brought to us.
Let us resume now the treatment of the subject that has been occupying us for some time now.
1. The Gospel according to Matthew and the Gospel according to Mark report the answer given by Christ to the Pharisees, when they questioned him about the indissolubility of marriage. They referred to the law of Moses, which in certain cases admitted the practice of the so-called certificate of divorce. Reminding them of the first chapters of Genesis, Christ answered: "Have you not read that he who made them from the beginning made them male and female, and said, 'For this reason a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife, and the two shall become one flesh'? So they are no longer two but one flesh. What, therefore, God has joined together, let not man put asunder." Then, referring to their question about the law of Moses, Christ added: "For your hardness of heart Moses allowed you to divorce your wives, but from the beginning it was not so" (Mt 19:3ff.; cf. Mk 12:2ff.). In his answer, Christ referred twice to the "beginning." Therefore we, too, in the course of our analyses, have tried to clarify in the deepest possible way the meaning of this "beginning." It is the first inheritance of every human being in the world, man and woman. It is the first attestation of human identity according to the revealed word, the first source of the certainty of man's vocation as a person created in the image of God himself.
2. Christ's reply has a historical meaning—but not only a historical one. Men of all times raise the question on the same subject. Our contemporaries also do so. But in their questions they do not refer to the law of Moses, which admitted the certificate of divorce, but to other circumstances and other laws. These questions of theirs are charged with problems, unknown to Christ's interlocutors. We know what questions concerning marriage and the family were addressed to the last Council, to Pope Paul VI, and are continually formulated in the post-conciliar period, day after day, in the most varied circumstances. They are addressed by single persons, married couples, fiancés and young people. But they are also addressed by writers, journalists, politicians, economists and demographers, in a word, by contemporary culture and civilization.
I think that among the answers that Christ would give to the people of our time and to their questions, often so impatient, the one he gave to the Pharisees would still be fundamental. Answering those questions, Christ would refer above all to the "beginning". Perhaps he would do so all the more resolutely and essentially in that the interior and at the same time the cultural situation of modern man seems to be moving away from that beginning. It is assuming forms and dimensions which diverge from the biblical image of the beginning into points that are clearly more and more distant.
However, Christ would not be "surprised" by any of these situations, and I suppose that he would continue to refer mainly to the "beginning".
3. It is for this reason that Christ's answer called for an especially thorough analysis. In that answer, in fact, fundamental and elementary truths about the human being, as man and woman, were recalled. It is the answer through which we catch a glimpse of the structure of human identity in the dimensions of the mystery of creation and, at the same time, in the perspective of the mystery of redemption. Without that there is no way of constructing a theological anthropology and, in its context, a theology of the body. From this the fully Christian view of marriage and the family takes its origin. Paul VI pointed this out when, in his encyclical dedicated to the problems of marriage and procreation in its responsible meaning on the human and Christian planes, he referred to the "total vision of man" (Humanae Vitae 7). In the answer to the Pharisees, Christ also put forward to his interlocutors this "total vision of man," without which no adequate answer can be given to questions connected with marriage and procreation. This total vision of man must be constructed from the "beginning."
This applies also to the modern mentality, just as it did, though in a different way, to Christ's interlocutors. We are children of an age in which, owing to the development of various disciplines, this total vision of man may easily be rejected and replaced by multiple partial conceptions. Dwelling on one or other aspect of the compositum humanum, these do not reach man's integrum, or they leave it outside their own field of vision. Various cultural trends then take their place which—on the basis of these partial truths— formulate their proposals and practical indications on human behavior and, even more often, on how to behave with "man." Man then becomes more an object of determined techniques than the responsible subject of his own action. The answer Christ gave to the Pharisees also wishes man, male and female, to be this subject. This subject decides his own actions in the light of the complete truth about himself, since it is the original truth, or the foundation of genuinely human experiences. This is the truth that Christ makes us seek from the "beginning". Thus we turn to the first chapters of Genesis.
4. The study of these chapters, perhaps more than of others, makes us aware of the meaning and the necessity of the theology of the body. The beginning tells us relatively little about the human body, in the naturalistic and modern sense of the word. From this point of view, in our study we are at a completely pre-scientific level. We know hardly anything about the interior structures and the regularities that reign in the human organism. However, at the same time, perhaps precisely because of the antiquity of the text, the truth that is important for the total vision of man is revealed in the most simple and full way. This truth concerns the meaning of the human body in the structure of the personal subject. Subsequently, reflection on those archaic texts enables us to extend this meaning of the whole sphere of human inter-subjectivity, especially in the perennial man-woman relationship. Thanks to that, we acquire with regard to this relationship a perspective which we must necessarily place at the basis of all modern science on human sexuality, in the bio-physiological sense. That does not mean that we must renounce this science or deprive ourselves of its results. On the contrary, it can teach us something about the education of man, in his masculinity and femininity, and about the sphere of marriage and procreation. If it is to do so, it is necessary—through all the single elements of contemporary science—always to arrive at what is fundamental and essentially personal, both in every individual, man or woman, and in their mutual relations.
It is precisely at this point that reflection on the ancient text of Genesis is irreplaceable. It is the beginning of the theology of the body. The fact that theology also considers the body should not astonish or surprise anyone who is aware of the mystery and reality of the Incarnation. Theology is that science whose subject is divinity. Through the fact that the Word of God became flesh, the body entered theology through the main door. The Incarnation and the redemption that springs from it became also the definitive source of the sacramentality of marriage, which we will deal with at greater length in due time.
5. The questions raised by modern man are also those of Christians—those who are preparing for the sacrament of marriage or those who are already living in marriage, which is the sacrament of the Church. These are not only the questions of science, but even more, the questions of human life. So many men and so many Christians seek the accomplishment of their vocation in marriage. So many people wish to find in it the way to salvation and holiness.
The answer Christ gave to the Pharisees, zealots of the Old Testament, is especially important for them. Those who seek the accomplishment of their own human and Christian vocation in marriage are called, first of all, to make this theology of the body, whose beginning we find in the first chapters of Genesis, the content of their life and behavior. How indispensable is a thorough knowledge of the meaning of the body, in its masculinity and femininity, along the way of this vocation! A precise awareness of the nuptial meaning of the body, of its generating meaning, is necessary. This is so since all that forms the content of the life of married couples must constantly find its full and personal dimension in life together, in behavior, in feelings! This is all the more so against the background of a civilization which remains under the pressure of a materialistic and utilitarian way of thinking and evaluating. Modern bio-physiology can supply a great deal of precise information about human sexuality. However, knowledge of the personal dignity of the human body and of sex must still be drawn from other sources. A special source is the Word of God himself, which contains the revelation of the body, going back to the beginning.
How significant it is that Christ, in the answer to all these questions, orders man to return, in a way, to the threshold of his theological history! He orders him to put himself at the border between original innocence, happiness and the inheritance of the first fall. Does he not perhaps mean to tell him that the path along which he leads man, male and female, in the sacrament of marriage, the path of the "redemption of the body", must consist in regaining this dignity, in which there is accomplished, simultaneously, the real meaning of the human body, its personal meaning and its meaning "of communion".
6. For the present, let us conclude the first part of our meditations dedicated to this important subject. To give an exhaustive answer to our questions, sometimes anxious ones, on marriage—or even more precisely, on the meaning of the body—we cannot dwell only on what Christ told the Pharisees, referring to the "beginning" (cf. Mt 19:3ff.; Mk 10:2ff.). We must also consider all his other statements. Two of them, of an especially comprehensive character, emerge especially. The first one is from the Sermon on the Mount, on the possibilities of the human heart in relation to the lust of the body (cf. Mt 5:8). The second one is when Jesus referred to the future resurrection (cf. Mt 22:24-30; Mk 12:18-27; Lk 20:27-36).
We intend to make these two statements the subject of our following reflections."
Greetings:
Ai giovani provenienti dall’Austria
Einen besonders herzlichen Gruß richte ich an die zahlreichen Jugendlichen aus Osterreich. Zugleich grüße ich durch das Österreichische Fernsehen auch die ganze katholische Jugend in eurer Heimat. Euch und allen jungen Menschen in der Welt gelten stets die besondere Liebe und die große Hoffnung des Papstes. Die Menschheit von morgen wird nur ;n dem Maße gerechter, friedvoller und überhaupt menschlicher und christlicher Sein wie ihr euch schon heute darum bemüht, es zu sein und immer mehr zu werden.
Als katholische Jugend seid ihr Träger einer Frohen Botschaft, deren die Menschen in der modernen Gesellschaft mit ihren großartigen Möglichkeiten, aber auch erschreckenden Gefahren so sehr bedürfen. Euch gilt heute der Auftrag Christi, in eurer jeweiligen Umwelt Salz der Erde zu sein, euch dem gesellschaftlichen und sittlichen Verfall entgegenzustellen und Zeugnis zu geben von Christus, dem Auferstandenen, dem Ursprung und Ziel aller Geschichte, der derselbe ist heute und morgen und in Ewigkeit.
Ich rufe euch, meine jungen Freunde, auf, euch eurer christlichen Berufung und Aufgabe in der Welt von heute immer mehr bewußt zu werden und ihr, wie es sich für junge Menschen geziemt, hochherzig durch Wort und Tat zu entsprechen. Seid wahrhaft katholische Jugend, seid Christen, die dieses Namens würdig sind! Das wünsche und erbitte ich euch, die ihr hier zugegen seid oder meine Stimme in der Heimat vernehmt, von Herzen mit meinem besonderen Apostolischen Segen.
Ad un pellegrinaggio Croato
Vidim ovdje jednu grupu hodočásnika iz Hrvatske. Dobro došli ovdje Kod Zájedničkog Oca. Sve vas pozdrávliam i Żelim Vam svete úskrsne blágdane.
A numerosi pellegrini di lingua francese
Sans pouvoir exprimer un salut special à tous les groupes de langue française, je salue, parmi les jeunes, les étudiants belges de réthorique des Instituts catholiques des provinces d’Anvers et de Limbourg. Votre culture, chers amis, vous permet de mieux comprendre Rome et son histoire, et aussi les témoignages de la vitalité de l’Eglise. C’est par l’Eglise que vous pouvez découvrir toujours mieux la vérité du Christ, la certitude de son amour, la libération intérieure qu’il apporte, sa puissance de renouveau. A tous, mon affectueuse Bénédiction Apostolique!
Ai pellegrini provenienti dal Giappone
To the pilgrims from Japan I wish to give a warm greeting. I invoke upon you the favour of Christ, who through his death conquered death. May he guide you on your way and prepare you for eternal joy.
Ai giovani
Rivolgo ora un cordiale saluto insieme con una paterna esortazione ai vari gruppi che sono presenti a questa Udienza. So che sono particolarmente numerosi quelli appartenenti a Istituti scolastici. Mi limito a menzionare il più numeroso: gli studenti del Liceo-Ginnasio Statale di Viterbo.
Carissimi giovani, la Liturgia di questo periodo ci fa vivere in modo del tutto particolare in unione con Cristo sofferente, che si offre per noi nell’Ultima Cena e si immola sul Calvario, per risorgere nella gioia della Pasqua. Tale contemplazione, seria e devota, vi aiuti ad essere dei "risorti" con Cristo Risorto e vi stimoli a camminare sempre "in novità di vita", cioè a progredire nella via della fede, della speranza e dell’amore cristiano.
E’ quanto vi auguro di cuore. Con la mia Benedizione Apostolica.
Ai malati
Il breve pensiero per gli ammalati presenti, che sono la parte più eletta di questa assemblea, non può non venir suggerito dal Venerdì Santo, ormai vicino, giorno unico per il ricordo della morte di Cristo, Figlio di Dio. L’adorabile Salvatore, inchiodato sulla Croce, immolato nell’abbandono e nel dolore per la salvezza del mondo, ci dimostra più di qualsiasi argomento quanto sia preziosa la sofferenza al cospetto di Dio. Da essa, accettata dalle mani della Provvidenza, scaturisce sempre una immensa ricchezza spirituale. E così il dolore si fa gioia, conforto, redenzione. A quanti provengono da Caorle, in diocesi di Venezia, e a tutti gli altri ammalati concedo di cuore la mia Benedizione.
Alle giovani coppie di sposi
La contemplazione del Crocifisso, innalzato fra cielo e terra il Venerdì Santo, ha qualche cosa da dire anche a voi, Sposi Novelli, che un profondo amore ha unito per la vita e per la morte. Lo sposo, secondo l’Apostolo Paolo rappresenta Cristo; la sposa, la Chiesa. E come Cristo è morto per rendere pura e immacolata la sua sposa, così lo sposo deve essere disposto anche alla morte, per colei che ama. E la sposa, come la Chiesa, deve dare tutto, affetto ed assistenza, in un perenne atteggiamento d’amore verso lo sposo.
Che Dio ve lo conceda.
***
Supplica a Dio per la pace nel Salvador
Anche oggi i nostri pensieri, pieni di viva sollecitudine, continuano a rivolgersi verso El Salvador.
La morte dell’Arcivescovo Romero, il quale è stato barbaramente ucciso da mano assassina, mentre celebrava il Santo Sacrificio, ha una particolare eloquenza. La Chiesa supplica, china in preghiera presso le spoglie del compianto Pastore, affinché Dio accetti il sacrificio della sua vita, che è stato unito, in modo così singolare, al Sacrificio di Cristo.
Tutti rispettino in questo avvenimento doloroso la particolare testimonianza del Vangelo, che Monsignor Romero si è impegnato a dare in tutta la sua vita di pastore, cercando Cristo specialmente in coloro ai quali Egli è più vicino. Così anche l’Arcivescovo di San Salvador ha unito la sua vita con il servizio dei più poveri e dei più emarginati.
A seguito della notizia dei nuovi tragici avvenimenti, che hanno avuto luogo durante i funerali dell’Arcivescovo Romero (avvenimenti che hanno causato numerose vittime fra le persone che assistevano al rito) ci rivolgiamo un’altra volta a Dio con umile supplica, perché il sacrificio del pastore ottenga la giusta pace alla sua patria. Ritorni alla retta ragione chiunque crede di perseguire i propri fini mediante l’uccisione di esseri umani.
La morte di Monsignor Romero porti un segno di pace e di riconciliazione, una specie di catarsi spirituale che dissipi l’odio, la violenza, le tensioni fra i concittadini.
A tutta la Comunità di San Salvador invio, nel corso di questi santi giorni che ci avvicinano alla Pasqua, l’espressione della mia particolare partecipazione e della mia solidarietà in Cristo crocifisso e risorto.